In 1949, Indonesia became an independent republic, free from Dutch rule. This transition was not without difficulty, as the country faced significant challenges in the form of political instability and armed conflict. However, over the course of the next two decades, Indonesia made significant strides in terms of economic development and social progress.
In the early years of independence, Indonesia was plagued by political instability. In 1957, an attempted military coup led to the proclamation of a new president, Sukarno. …