The annual carbon dioxide emission in Jakarta is 2.5 million metric tons, according to a study by the World Bank. Jakarta is the most populous city in the world, with over 10 million inhabitants, and the second-largest metropolitan area after Tokyo. The high population density, combined with a lack of public transportation and heavy reliance on private vehicles, has resulted in significant air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas emitted by human activities, and …